Category: F1 – Chronology

by John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #131, posted on December 27, 2021

Much effort has been devoted to reconstructing the Fall of Babylon, and the various versions of it differ considerably and are stricken with inconsistencies.

I start with the Bible. Daniel 5 describes how Belshazzar, the son and co-regent of King Nabonidus, was giving a feast for “a thousand of his lords” (v. 1), and he commanded his servants to bring the gold and silver vessels which Nebuchadnezzar took from the Temple in Jerusalem into the dining hall so that his guests might drink wine from them. Thus, his guests “drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone” (v.4). Suddenly the fingers of a man’s hand appeared and wrote on a wall, “MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN” (V.25), and Belshazzar was greatly troubled. He called upon his wise counselors to tell him what the words meant, but they could not. Then he called upon Daniel, who first reminded him that he had given the vessels from the Temple to his guests for drinking wine and had praised the gods of inanimate metals, but had not glorified “the God in whose hands thy breath is” (v.23). Thus, this God had ‘weighed him in the balance, found him wanting’ (v.27), and decreed that his kingdom was “finished” (v.26). That night, Babylon fell to Darius the Mede (v.31) and Belshazzar was slain (v.30).

The foregoing account completely disqualifies such stories as Cyrus-the-Great besieging the city and diverting the Euphrates to gain access to it. If that were true, would the Babylonians have been feasting in the palace while an immense Persian army was clambering at their walls and gates? Furthermore, it completely contradicts the identity of the story’s central character: Babylon fell to Darius-the-Mede, not Cyrus-the-Great.

Elsewhere, I establish to my general satisfaction that the rulers of the Medo-Persian Empire were as follows:

Achaemenes (PE-01) reigned for an unknown number of years (unknown date-c.667 BC). He probably (a) probably began his reign during the reign of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V (NA-11), and later attacked the Assyrian king Sennacherib (S-02).

Teispes (PE-02), who was probably also known as Deioces, reigned for 35 years (c.667-c.632 BC).. He was the king of Ashan (Persia?).

Phraortes (PE-03), who was probably the son of Teispes=Deioces and the father of Cyrus I=Cyaxerxes, reigned for 22 years (c.632-610 BC. He was probably the king of Ashan. He was killed in a battle with Assurbanipal (SD-04), the king of Assyria.

 ———-Hiatus (c.632-c.599 BC) – There appears to have been roughly a decade here when the Scythians exercised a measure of control over Anshan (Persia?).

Cyrus I (PE-04), who was (a) the son of Phraortes and the father of Cambyses I and (b) also called Cyaxerxes, reigned for 20 years (599-579 BC).

Cambyses I (PE-05), who was also called Cambyses-the-Elder, reigned for 21 years (579-558 BC),. He was king of Ashan, but a vassal of Astyages, King of Medea. He was married to Mandane, daughter of Astyages.

Cyrus II (PE-06), who was also called Cyrus-the-Great and Cyrus-the-Elder, reigned for 29 years (558-529 BC). He conquered Medea in 548 BC and then Lydia in 546 BC.

Cambyses II (PE-07), who was also called Ahasuerus I, reigned for 7 years (529-522 BC). He conquered Egypt in 525 BC.

Bardiya (PE-08) reigned for a few months in 522 BC. He was killed by a distant relative, Darius I, who succeeded him.

Darius I (PE-09), who (a) was also called Darius-the-Mede and Darius-the-Great, reigned for 37 years (522-485 BC). He (a) conquered Egypt in 522 BC, (b) invaded the Indus Valley in 516 BC, (c) failed in his siege of Naxos in 499 BC, (d) lost the battle with the Greeks at Marathon in 490 BC, and (e) conquered Babylon in 487 BC.

Cyrus-the-Persian of the Bible (PE-10), whom I identify as Cyrus III (see Daniel 6:28, which describes the order of the Persian kings in Babylon as first “the reign of Darius” and then “the reign of Cyrus the Persian”) and who was undoubtedly the eldest son of Darius I, reigned for 3 years (485-482 BC). I believed that he was killed by assassins who were hired by his younger brother, Xerxes I, who probably (a) was in Persepolis at the time and (b) erased all traces of him in Persia, and (c) claimed that his own reign started in 485 BC. Thus, the only record of Cyrus III’s existence is contained in the Bible.

Xerxes I (PE-11), who was also known as Xerxes-the-Great, probably served as co-regent to his older brother for 3 years (485-482 BC) and then as king of Persia for 17 years (482-465 BC). He held a feast in 479 BC and probably married Esther c. 475 BC.

Artaxerxes I–Longimanus (PE-12), who was the son of Xerxes I and the father of Xerxes II, Sogdianus, and Darius II, reigned for 41 years  (465-424 BC). He sent his cup-bearer Nehemiah to Jerusalem in 444 BC to govern Judea. He recalled Nehemiah (a) in 432 BC for a brief time and (b) again in 424 BC for good.

Xerxes II (PE-13), who was also known as Ahaseurus 3, reigned for less that a year in 424 BC. He was killed by his brother Sogdianus, who was following the example of his grandfather Xerxes I.

Sogdianus (PE-14) reigned for 1 year (424-423 BC). He was killed by his brother Darius II, who was also following the example of his grandfather Xerxes I.

Darius II (PE-15), who was also known as Nothus and Ochus, reigned for 18 years (423-405 BC)

Artaxerxes II (PE-16), who was also known as Arcases, reigned for 46 years (405-359 BC).

Artaxerxes III (PE-17) reigned for 21 years (359-338 BC.

Xerxes III (PE-18), who was also knowns as Arses, reigned for 2 years (338-336 BC).

Darius III (PE-19), who was also known as Codomanus, reigned for 6 years (336-330 BC). He was defeated by Alexander the Great in 330 BC.

Ariobarzane (PE-20) reigned for 1 year (330-329 BC). He rebelled against and was defeated by Alexander.

Phrasaortes (PE-21) spent 1 year (329-328 BC) as a satrap under Alexander.

The orthodox chronology indicates (a) that Cyrus-the-Great reigned 29 years (559-530 BC), (b) that he conquered Babylon in 539 BC, which was year 17 of the Babylonian king Nabonidus, (c) that Darius II reigned for 36 years (522-486 BC), and that in his first 2 years (522-521 BC), he was forced to dispose of two members of the Babylonian royal line, Nebuchadnezzar III and Nebuchadnezzar IV, each of whom claimed to be (a) a son of Nabonidus and (b) entitled to the Babylonian throne. The foregoing is surprising in that Darius I’s trouble with the Babylonian contenders would have occurred 17-19 years after the end of the Babylonian Empire in 539 BC.

On the other hand, if my chronology is correct, and the Fall of Babylon occurred in 487 BC, this trouble would have occurred in the last two years (487-485 BC) of Darius I’s reign, exactly where I would expect it. Moreover it would have added to the confusion surrounding the transition from Darius I to the next Persian king, whom I identify as Cyrus III, not Xerxes I.

© 2021 John Holbrook Jr.
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by John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #110 posted June 29, 2020, edited March 10, 2021.

For a better understanding of how I have organized history and the timelines of nations in history, see my postings (a) Outline of World History on June 19, 2017 and (b) Generic Timelines on June 20, 2017.

2 – HISTORIC PERIOD CONTINUED

2C – LATE HISTORIC ERA (1453 AD-PRESENT)

It (a) began with the Fall of Constantinople, (b) has lasted over 568 years (1453 AD-Present), during which the followers of the Messiah have grown from millions at the end of the Middle Ages to over 2 billion men, women, and children who live on every continent and island of the globe, and (c) will end with the 2^nd Coming of Messiah at an unknown date. I have divided it into five non-temporal parts: ^[1]

 2C-1 – The Occident In The Late Historic Era – I have divided it into three minor periods, the first of which was

2C-1A – Exploratory Age (1453-c.1750 AD) – It (a) began with the Fall of Constantinople, (b) lasted 297 years, during which western adventurers explored the world on land and sea, and (c) ended with the Harnessing of Mechanical Energy (c.1750) in lighting, manufacturing, transportation, etc. It was followed by

 2C-1B – Revolutionary Age (1750-1918 AD) – It (a) began with the Harnessing of Mechanical Energy, (b) lasted 168 years, during which profound revolutions occurred in many fields (communications, government, industry, religion, etc.), and (c) ended with the catastrophe of World War I (1914-1918), during which (i) the mobilization of whole societies for mechanized, total warfare and (ii) the creation and management of large armies, navies, and rapidly developing air-forces transformed nations into vast, centralized, all-controlling states. It was followed by

2C-1C – Globalist Age (1918 AD to present) – An oligarchy of the super-rich have been working for over 100 years now to create a New World Order that will control the nations of the world. They have been using war between nations, terrorism within nations, abortion of the unborn, euthanasia of the elderly, and genocide of vulnerable minorities to slaughter humans on a titanic scale, thereby intentionally killing or maiming men, women, and children by the millions. It is already the most lethal period in human history, and I believe it will get worse. Happily, I also believe that the Lord, leading a host of archangels and angels, will appear in the heavens, wreak vengeance on a sin-soaked world, and create a new heaven and a new Earth for His faithful followers to inhabit under His rule – i.e. the 2nd Coming of Messiah (date unknown).

 2C-2 – The Middle East In The Late Historic Era

2C-3 – The Orient In The Late Historic Era

 2C-4 – The Sacred In The Late Historic Era – I have divided this part into three major periods, the first of which was

2C-4A – Bride of Messiah’s Betrothal (1453 AD-Present) – It (a) began with the Fall of Constantinople, (b) has lasted for over 568 years (1453-Present), and (c) will end with the 2^nd Coming of Messiah (date unknown). The latter will constitute a blessing for Messiah’s followers, who will be caught up into the air to be with Him forever, and a catastrophe for Messiah’s opponents, who will perish as the old heavens and the old Earth pass away and the creation of the new heavens and the new Earth commences.

2C-5 – Geology In The Late Historic Era

 2C-5A – The Holocene Epoch’s Atlantic Age continued – It (a) began with the Fall of Constantinople, (b) has extended through over 568 years (1453 AD-Present), and (c) will end with an unknown event at an unknown time.

 

© 2020 John Holbrook Jr.
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[1] I divide the northern hemisphere into roughly three regions: the Orient, the Middle East, and the Occident.

by John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #105 posted June 29, 2020, edited March 10, 2021.

For a better understanding of how I have organized history and the timelines of nations in history, see my postings (a) Outline of World History on June 19, 2017 and (b) Generic Timelines on June 20, 2017.

2 – HISTORIC PERIOD CONTINUED

2B – MIDDLE HISTORIC ERA (2 BC-1453 AD)

It (a) began with the Birth of Messiah, (b) lasted 1,454 years (2 BC-1453 AD), during which the followers of the Messiah grew from a handful of disciples to millions of men, women, and children, and (c) ended with the Fall of Constantinople. I have divided it into five, non-temporal parts: ^[1]

2B-1 – The Occident In The Late Historic Era – I have divided it into two minor periods, the first of which was,

2B-1A – The Roman Age AD (2BC-476 AD), which is called Late Antiquity by the historians – It (a) began with the Birth of Messiah in 2 BC, (b) lasted 476 years, and (c) ended with the Fall of Rome (476 AD) to the Germanic General Odacer. It was followed by,

2B-1B – The Byzantine Age (476-1453 AD), which is often called the Middle Ages by the historians – It (a) began with the Fall of Rome in 476 AD, (b) lasted 977 years, and (c) ended with the Fall of Constantinople (1453 BC) to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. It was followed by

2B-2 – The Middle East In The Late Historic Era

 2B-3 – The Orient In The Late Historic Era

 2B-4 – The Sacred In The Late Historic Era – I have divided this part into three major periods, the first of which was,

2B-4A – The Life of Messiah (2BC–33 AD) – It (a) began with the Birth of Messiah, (b) lasted 33.5 years, and (c) ended with the Crucifixion, Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Messiah (33 AD) – the most significant catastrophe in human history, on which the minority (Messiah’s followers) would look with gratitude and the majority (Messiah’s opponents) would look with contempt. It was followed by

2B-4B – The Bride of Messiah’s Childhood (33-70 AD) – It (a) began with the Crucifixion, Death, Resurrection, & Ascension of Messiah, (b) lasted 37 years, and (c) ended with the Destruction of Jerusalem (70 AD) – a catastrophe which included the razing of its temple and the dispersion of the Judean Jews to the four corners of the world.

2B-4C – The Bride of Messiah’s Betrothal (70 AD – to present) – It (a) began with the Destruction of Jerusalem, (b) lasted 1,454 years (2 BC-1453 AD), and (c) ended with the Fall of Constantinople.

2B-5 – Geology In The Late Historic Era

2B-5A – The Holocene Epoch’s Atlantic Age continued – It (a) began with the Birth of Messiah, (b) extended through 1,454 years (2 BC-1453 AD), and (c) ended with the Fall of Constantinople.

 

© 2020 John Holbrook Jr.
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[1] I divide the northern hemisphere into roughly three regions: the Orient, the Middle East, and the Occident.

by John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #087 posted March 25, 2019, edited March 10, 2021.

For a better understanding of how I have organized history and the timelines of nations in history, see my postings (a) Outline of World History on June 19, 2017 and (b) Generic Timelines on June 20, 2017.

The 2A – EARLY HISTORIC ERA (665-2 BC)

It (a) began with the 2^nd Hezekiah Disturbance, (b) lasted 663 years (665-2 BC), and (c) ended with the Birth of Messiah. It is divided into four parts.

The 2A-1 – THE OCCIDENT IN THE EARLY HISTORIC ERA

The 2A-2 – THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE EARLY HISTORIC ERA – This part is concerned with the area from the Mediterranean to the Indus Valley, which can be divided into four ages, each of which takes its name from the nation which dominated it. I have divided it into four ages based on Daniel’s prophecy concerning the four kingdoms that will arise in it, each represented by a separate beast: (a) a lion with an eagle’s wings, (b) a bear with three ribs in its teeth, (c) a leopard with four heads and four wings, and (d) a beast with iron teeth and ten horns.

The 2A-2A – Neo-Babylonian Age (665-487 BC), which Daniel characterized as the reign of the lion with an eagle’s wings.^[1] It began with the 2^nd Hezekiah Disturbance, (b) lasted 178 years, and (c) ended with the Fall of Babylon to the Persian King Darius 1. The Middle East during this period saw (a) the wane of the Assyrian Empire under Assurbanipal, son of Essarhadon, (b) the rise of the Neo-Babylonian^[2] or so-called Hittite^[3] Empire under Shamash-shum-ukin, another son of Essarhadon, (c) the rule of its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II = Hattusilis, and (d) its decline of under Nebuchadnezzar’s descendants.

The 2A-2B – Medo-Persian Age (487-330 BC), which Daniel characterized as the reign of the bear with three ribs in its teeth.^[4] It (a) began the Fall of Babylon to Darius I, ^[5] (b) lasted 187 years (487-330 BC), and (c) ended with the Fall of Persia, when Darius III was defeated by the Macedonian King Alexander the Great. in 330 BC.^[6]

The 2A-2C – Macedonian Age (330-146 BC), which Daniel characterized as the reign of the leopard with four heads and four wings.^[7] It (a) began with the Fall of Persia, (b) lasted 184 years (330-147 BC), during which occurred (i) the conquests of Alexander (330-323 BC), (ii) the Wars of the Diadochi^[8] (322-315 BC), and (iii) the founding of four great kingdoms: the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Thrace & Asia Minor, the Kingdom of the Seleucids, and the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt. and (c) ended with the Fall of Macedon (146 BC), when (i) the Macedonian pretender Andriscus and the Greek general Christolaus were defeated by the Roman praetor Q.C. Metellus Macedonicus and (ii) the Corinthian general Diaeus was defeated by the Roman consul Lucius Mummius Archaicus – an event which marked the end of Greek and Macedonian independence.

The 2A-2D – Roman Age BC (146-2 BC), which Daniel characterized as the reign of the fourth beast with iron teeth and ten horns, in the midst of which grew another little horn with human eyes and a boastful mouth.^[9] It began (a) with the Fall of Macedon (146 BC), (b) lasted 626 years (146 BC–476 AD), the first 144 years (146-2 BC) of which fell in this period, and (c) ended with the Birth of Messiah (2 BC).

The 2A-3 – THE ORIENT IN THE EARLY HISTORIC ERA

The 2A-4 – THE SACRED IN THE EARLY HISTORIC ERA

The 2A-4A – Kingdom of Judah’s Final Years (665-555 BC) – It (a) began with the 2^nd Hezekiah Disturbance (665 BC), (b) lasted 110 years (665-555 BC), and (c) ended with the Fall of Jerusalem (555 BC) to the Neo-Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar.

The 2A-4B – Babylonian Exile (555-485 BC) – It (a) began with the Fall of Jerusalem, (b) lasted 70 years (555-485 BC), and (c) ended with the Proclamation of Cyrus (485 BC).

The 2A-4C – Daniel’s 69 Weeks of Years (485-2 BC) – It (a) began with the Proclamation of Cyrus, (b) lasted 483 years (485-2 BC), and (c) ended with the Birth of Messiah (2 BC).

The 2A-4C-1 – Daniel’s 7 Weeks of Years (485-436 BC) – It (a) began with the Proclamation of Cyrus, (b) lasted 49 years (485-436 BC) and (c) ended with Completion of Reconstruction (436 BC). During it, the Hebrews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt its walls and its Temple under the protection of Persia..

The 2A-4C-2 – Daniel’s 62 Weeks of Years (436-2 BC) – It (a) began with the Completion of Reconstruction, (b) lasted 434 years (436-2 BC), and (c) ended with the Birth of Messiah (2 BC). During it, the Hebrews were ruled for (a) 106 years under the protection of the Persians, 162 years by miscellaneous leaders, (b) 128 years by the Maccabees as satraps of Rome, and (c) 38 years by the Herodians as satraps of Rome.

The 2A-5 – GEOLOGY IN THE EARLY HISTORIC ERA

© 2019 John Holbrook Jr.
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[1] See Daniel 7:4.

[2] The kings of the Neo-Babylonian Dynasty were

• • (B-10-06) Essarhadon (659-647 BC = 12 years),
  • (B-10-07) Shamash-shum-ukin (647-627 BC = 20 years), who was also known as Suppiluliuma II,
  • (B-10-08) Kandalanu (627-606/603 BC = 21/24 years)
  • (NB-03) Nabopolassar II (c.603-581 BC = 22 years), who was also known as Mursilis, Bel-shum-ishkun, Belesys, and possibly Candalanus,
  • (NB-04) Nergilissar I (c.581-574 BC = 7 years), who was also known as Nergil I, Muwatalis I, and Labarnas ,
  • (NB-05) Labash Marduk I (less than a year),
  • (NB-06) Nebuchadnezzar (c.574-530 BC = 44 years), who was also known as Hattusilis,
  • (NB-07) Amel Marduk (530-509 BC = 21 years), who was also known as Evil Marduk.
  • (NB-08) Nergilissar II (c.509-505 BC = 4 years), who was also known as Nergil II,
  • (NB-09) Labash Marduk II (c.505-504 BC = 1 year),
  • (NB-10) Nabonidus (c.504-487 BC = 17 years) and his coregent Belshazzar (c.501-487 BC = 14 years), who were deposed by Darius I-the-Mede, who was also known as Astyages.

[3] See Immanuel Velikovsky’s Ramses II and His Time, Doubleday, New York, 1978. It establishes that the so-called Hittite records found at Bogazkoi were actually the Chaldean archives of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

[4] See Daniel 7:5.

[5] The later rulers of the Medo-Persian Empire were

• (PE-06) Cyrus II (558-529 BC = 29 years),
• (PE-07) Cambyses II 529-522 BC = 7 years)
• (PE-08) Bardiya (522 BC = a few months),
• (PE-09) Darius I-the Great or Darius-the-Mede (522-485 BC = 37 years),
• (PE-10) Cyrus-of-the-Bible (485-482 BC = 3 years)
• (PE-11) (Xerxes I–the Great (482-465 BC = 17 years), who may have taken Esther to be his wife,
• (PE-12) Artaxerxes I–Longimanus (465-424 BC = 41 years),
• (PE-13) Xerxes II (424 BC = less than a year), who was also known as Ahaseurus 3,
• (PE-14) Sogdianus (424-423 BC = 1 year),
• (PE-15) Darius II (423-405 BC = 18 years), who was also known as Nothus and Ochus,
• (PE-16) Artaxerxes II (405-359 BC = 46 years), who was also known as Arcases,
• (PE-17) Artaxerxes III (359-338 BC = 21 years),
• (PE-18) Xerxes III (338-336 BC = 2years), who was also knowns as Arses,
• (PE-19) Darius III (336-330 BC = 6 years), who was also known as Codomanus.
• (PE-20) Ariobarzane (330-329 BC = 1 year), who rebelled against and was defeated by Alexander, and
• (PE-21) Phrasaortes (329-328 BC = 1 year) – a satrap.

[6] Some scholars, on the other hand, might regard the Battle of Issus in 333 BC as the boundary event between Persian and Greek domination of the Middle East, in which Alexander defeated Darius decisively and thereafter proceeded to dismantle the Persian Empire from Egypt in the south to Bactria in the north.

[7] See Daniel 7:6.

[8] See Glossary.

[9] See Daniel 7:7.

by John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #052 posted June 19, 2017 edited March 9, 2021.

This week I will be starting a series of historical timelines that are based on my view of world history, which in turn is based on my understanding of the Bible and the chronology that it contains. Today, I am posting an outline of this version of world history. Tomorrow I will post the structure of the timelines that will follow.

1 – PREHISTORIC PERIOD (3977-665 BC)

1A – EARLY PREHISTORIC ERA– It lasted 1656 years (3977-2321 BC) and is divided into Creation Week and two ages:

1A-0 – Creation Week – It lasted seven 24-hour days in 3977 BC and ended with God’s Day of Rest.

1A-1 – Ancients’ Primordial Age = the Bibles Edenic Age – It probably lasted less than a year (3977 BC) and ended with the Adam Disturbance.

1A-2 – Ancients’ Golden Age = the Bible’s Antediluvian Age – It lasted almost 1656 years (3977-2321 BC) and ended with the Noah Disturbance.

1B – MIDDLE PREHISTORIC ERA = the Bible’s Postdiluvian World – It lasted 857 years (2321-1464 BC) and is divided into two ages:

1B-1 – Ancients’ Silver Age = the Bible’s Early Postdiluvian Age = the archaeologists’ Stone Age = Egypt’s PDP & Dynasties 1, 2a, 3, 4a – It lasted 451 years (2321-1870 BC) and is divided into three periods:

1B-1A – Ancients’ 1^st Silver Period = the archaeologists’ Paleolithic Period = JH’s Initial Settlement & Migrations – It lasted 100 years (2321-2221 BC) and ended with the Peleg Disturbance.

1B-1B – Ancients’ 2^nd Silver Period = the archaeologists’ Mesolithic & Neolithic Periods = JH’s Akkadian Supremacy^[1] – It lasted 151 years (2221-2070 BC) and ended with the Terah Disturbance.

1B-1C – Ancients’ 3^rd Silver Period = the archaeologists’ Chalcolithic or Copper Period = JH’s Rise of Civilizations – It lasted 200 years (2070-1870 BC) and ended with the Abraham Disturbance.

1B-2 – Ancients’ Bronze Age = the Bible’s Late Postdiluvian World = the archaeologists’ Early Bronze Age (Early Helladic & Early Minoan) = Egypt’s Dynasties 2b, 4b, 5, 6, 7a, 11, 12, & 13a – It lasted 406 years (1870-1464 BC) and is divided into two periods:

1B-2A – Ancients’ 1^st Bronze Period = the Bible’s Pre-Job Time = the archaeologists’ Early Bronze Age 1 – It lasted 203 years (1870-1667 BC) and ended with the Job Disturbance.

1B-2B – Ancients 2^nd Bronze Period = the Bible’s Post-Job Time = the Archaeologists’ Early Bronze Age 2 – It lasted 203 years (1667-1464 BC) and ended with the Moses Disturbance.

1C – LATE PREHISTORIC ERA = what I call the Turbulent World = the geologists’ Pleistocene Epoch – It lasted 799 years (1464-665 BC) and is divided into three ages:

1C-1 – Ancients’ Missing Age = the Early Turbulent World = the geologists’ Early Pleistocene Age (EPA) = the archaeologists Middle Bronze Age (Middle Helladic & Middle Minoan) = Egypt’s Dynasties 14-17 (Hyksos) – It lasted 456 years (1464-1008 BC) and is divided into four periods.

1C-1A – Ancients’ 1^st Missing Period = EPA’s Ice Age 1 – It lasted 51 years (1464-1413 BC) and ended with the Joshua Disturbance.

1C-1B – Ancients’ 2^nd Missing Period = EPA’s Ice Age 2 – It lasted 152 years (1413-1261 BC) and ended with the Deborah Disturbance.

1C-1C – Ancients’ 3^rd Missing Period = EPA’s Ice Age 3 – It lasted 203 years (1261-1058 BC) and ended with the Samuel Disturbance.

1C-1D – Ancients’ 4^th Missing Period = EPA’s Ice Age 4 – It lasted 50 years (1058-1008 BC) and ended with the David Disturbance.

1C-2 – Ancients’ Heroic or Mycenaean Age = the Middle Turbulent World = the geologists’ Middle Pleistocene Age (MPA) = the archaeologists’ Late Bronze Age (Late Helladic & Late Minoan) = Egypt’s Dynasties 18 – It lasted 254 years (1008-754 BC) and is divided into three periods.

1C-2A – Ancients’ 1^st Heroic Period = MPA’s Ice Age 5. It lasted 51 years (1008-957 BC) and ended with Homer’s 1^st Cosmic Battle = the Solomon Disturbance.

1C-2B – Ancients’ 2^nd Heroic Period = MPA’s Ice Age 5 continued – It lasted 102 years (957-855 BC) and end with Homer’s 2^nd Cosmic Battle = the Jehoram Disturbance.

1C-2C – Ancients’ 3^rd Heroic Period ^[2] = MPA’s Ice Age 5 continued – It lasted 101 years (855-754 BC) and ended with Homer’s 3rd Cosmic Battle and the Azariah Disturbance.

1C-3 – Ancients’ Iron Age = the Late Turbulent World = the geologists’ Late Pleistocene Age (LPA) – It lasted 89 years (754-665 BC) and is divided into three periods.

1C-3A – Ancients’ 1^st Iron Period = Respite – It lasted 59 years (754-695 BC) and ended with the Ahaz Disturbance.

1C-3B – Ancients’ 2^nd Iron Period = LPA’s Ice Age 6 – It lasted 15 years (695-680 BC) and ended with the 1^st Hezekiah Disturbance.

1C-3C – Ancients’ 3^rd Iron Period = LPA’s Ice Age 7 – It lasted 15 years (680-665 BC) and ended with the 2nd Hezekiah Disturbance.

2 – HISTORIC PERIOD (665 BC-Present)

2A – EARLY HISTORIC ERA = the historians’ Early Antiquity – It lasted 663 years (665-2 BC) and is divided into five non-temporal parts.

2A-1 – The Occident in the Early Historic Era

2A-2 – The Middle East in the Early Historic Era – It was divided into four ages:

2A-2A – Neo-Babylonian Age – It lasted 178 years (665-487 BC) and ended with the Conquest of Babylon by the Persian king Darius I.

2A-2B – Persian Age – It lasted 157 years (487-330 BC) and ended with the Conquest of Persia by the Macedonian king Alexander-the-Great.

2A-2C – Macedonian Age – It lasted 184 years (330-146 BC) and ended with the Conquest of Macedon by the Roman praetor Q.C. Metellus Macedonius.

2A-2D – Roman Age BC – It lasted 144 years (146-2 BC) and ended with the BIRTH OF MESSIAH.

2A-3 – The Orient in the Early Historic Era

2A-4 – The  Sacred in the Early Historic Era

2A-4A – Kingdom of Judah’s Final Years (665-555 BC). It was ended by the Fall of Jerusalem to Babylon’s King Nebuchadnezzar.

2A-4B – Babylonian Exile (555-485 BC). It was ended by the Fall of Babylon (487 BC) to the Persian King Darius 1 and the Proclamation of the Persian King Cyrus-of-the-Bible (485 BC) that commanded the Hebrews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild its walls and its Temple.

2A-4C – Daniel’s 69 Weeks of Years (485-2 BC). It (a) began with the Proclamation of Cyrus (485 BC), (b) lasted 483 years (485-2 BC), and (c) ended with the Birth of Messiah.

2A-5 – Geology in the Early Historic Era.

2A-5A – Pleistocene Epoch’s Late Pleistocene Age’s Ice Age 8 (665-c.625 BC).

2A-5B – Holocene Epoch’s Atlantic Age – (c.625 BC-2BC)

2B – MIDDLE HISTORIC ERA – It lasted 1,454 years (2 BC-1453 AD) and is divided into five non-temporal parts.

2B-1 – The Occident in the Middle Historic Era

2B-1A – Roman Age AD = the historians Late Antiquity – It lasted 477 years (2BC-476 AD) and ended with the Conquest of Rome by the Germanic General Odacer.

2B-1B – Byzantine Age – It lasted 977 years (476-1453 AD) and ended with the Conquest of Constantinople by Ottoman Sultan Melmed II.

2B-2 – The Middle East in the Middle Historic Era

2B-3 – The Orient in the Middle Historic Era

2B-4 – The Sacred in the Middle Historic Era

2B-4A – Messiah’s Life – It lasted 33.5 years (2 BC-33 AD) and ended with the Death, Resurrection, & Ascension of Messiah.

2B-4B – Bride of Messiah’s Childhood – It lasted 37 years (33-70 AD) and ended with the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Roman General Titus.

2B-4C – Bride of Messiah’s Betrothal – It extended for 1,383 years (70 AD-1453 AD) and ended with the Fall of Constantinople.

2B-5 – Geology in the Middle Historic Period

2B-5A – Holocene Epoch’s Atlantic Age continued – It extended for 1,454 years (2 BC-1453 AD).

2C – LATE HISTORIC ERA = the Modern World – It has lasted over 568 years (1453-Present) and is divided into five non-temporal parts.

2C-1 – The Occident in the Late Historic Era

2C-1A – Exploratory Age – It lasted roughly 297 years (1453-c.1750 AD) and ended with the Harnessing of Mechanical Energy (c.1750 AD).

2C-1B – Revolutionary Age – It lasted roughly 168 years (c.1750-1918 AD) and ended with the catastrophe of World War I (1914-1918 AD).

2C-1C – Globalist Age – It has lasted 103 years (1918 AD to present) and will end with an unknown event at an unknown date.

2C-2 – The Middle East in the Late Historic Era

2C-3 – The Orient in the Late Historic Era

2C-4 – The Sacred in the Late Historic Era

2C-4A – Bride of Messiah’s Betrothal continued – It has lasted 568 years (1453 AD-Present) and will ended with the 2^nd Coming of Messiah (date unknown).

2B-5 – Geology in the Late Historic Period

2B-5A – Holocene Epoch’s Atlantic Age continued – It has lasted 568 years (1453 AD-Present).

 

© 2017 John Holbrook Jr.
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[1] The Akkadian Empire was founded by Ukusi (Cush of the Bible) c.2298. It started in Mesopotamia and then, during the reign of Sargon, his son Mannis-tusu (also known as Menes), extended its control into the Indus Valley, then Egypt, and finally as far as the British Isles. It suffered a fatal blow from the Terah Disturbance, which destroyed the Tower of Babel and devastated Babylon and its surrounding region. The dynasty’s decline ended c. 1958 BC. Originally, I dated the Terah Disturbance to 2070 BC, but now would probably choose 2020 BC, 50 years later, roughly at the time that Sharguni’s reign ended and there was a break in the dynasty’s rule. That would alter the dates of the Ancients’ Middle Silver Period to 2221-2020 BC and the Late Silver Period to 2020-1870 BC.

[2] This was the time of the Greek exploits (the Labors of Herakles (c.855 BC), the Slaying of the Minotaur (c.850 BC), the Voyage of the Argo (845 BC), the 1^st Theban War (832-831 BC),the  2^nd Theban War (821-820 BC), the Trojan Wat (812-802 BC), the Voyage of Odysseus (800-790 BC)) and the Trojan exploit (the Voyage of Aeneas (800-790 BC)).

by  John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #032 posted February 13, 2017, edited March 9, 2021.

Most Christians and even Creationists believe that only one cataclysm has occurred in the history of the world – the Flood of Noah. The Bible, however, mentions fifteen major disturbances directly which qualify as cataclysms. I include two more for which there is indirect evidence, one of which was predicted by a prophet. These disturbances have played a major role in natural and human history. Here are the seventeen disturbances:

0 AM [1] – THE ADAM DISTURBANCE – In the year of Adam’s creation, after Adam sinned, God cursed his creation, thereby changing the fabric of Universe, after which all things became subject to disorder and decay and plant and animal life became subject to disease and death (all effects that are captured in the 2^nd Law of Thermodynamics).

1656 AM – THE NOAH DISTURBANCE – When Noah was 600 years old, torrential downpours from the sky and profuse up-gushing from subterranean reservoirs deep in the earth covered the land with water and drowned all men, animals, and birds with the exception of the passengers on the Ark – an event which is commonly called “Noah’s Flood.”

1756 AM – THE PELEG DISTURBANCE – When Peleg was in his mother’s womb, a tectonic upheaval broke up the earth’s single land mass into the continents and major islands that exist today – an event which the Hebrews called “the Division of the Land.”

Undated (est. 1907 AM) – THE TERAH (OR BABEL) DISTURBANCE – When Terah was 29 years old, a blast from heaven confounded the Babylonians’ and perhaps all mankind’s ability to speak in a common language, destroyed the tower of Babylon, and probably devastated much of the surrounding region.[2]

2107 AM – THE ABRAHAM DISTURBANCE – When Abraham was 99 years old, an explosion eliminated the Vale of Siddim, destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, and caused the African Rift or its greater expansion.

Undated (est. 2310 AM) – THE JOB DISTURBANCE – In Job’s time, raining fire, hurricane winds, and earthquakes killed Job’s children (Job’s first trial).

2513 AM –  THE MOSES DISTURBANCE – When Moses was 80 years old, a mighty perturbation caused the Ten Plagues of Egypt, precipitated the Exodus of the Hebrews from their bondage there, created the tornado which appeared as a Pillar of Cloud by day and a Pillar of Fire by night, parted the Red Sea, destroyed pharaoh and his army, and ended the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Undated (est. 2564 AM) – THE JOSHUA DISTURBANCE – Probably in year 11 of Joshua’s leadership of the Hebrews, meteorites fell on the battlefield at Beth-Horon during the conflict between the Israelites and the Amorites. Either the Earth’s Axis shifted or the Earth’s rotation ceased, causing the Sun to stand still in the sky and thereby prolonging the day in the Middle East and the night in the Americas.

Undated (est. 2716 AM) – THE DEBORAH DISTURBANCE – Soon after Deborah became judge, the stars fought and flooding rains discomfited Sisera’s army.

Undated (est. 2919 AM) – THE SAMUEL DISTURBANCE –  Probably in year 15 of Samuel’s judgeship, meteorites fell on the Philistines, accompanied by a great thundering in the sky.

Undated (est. 2969 AM) – THE DAVID DISTURBANCE – Probably in year 25 of David’s reign, an angel (comet or planet?) nearly destroyed Jerusalem.

Undated (est. 3020 AM) – THE SOLOMON DISTURBANCE – Probably in year 31 of Solomon’s reign, Homer’s 1^st Cosmic Battle between the comet Venus and Mars occurred. There is no record of this event in the Bible or elsewhere. The disturbance is hypothetical, based on Homer’s references to three such battles.

Undated (est. 3122 AM) – THE JEHORAM DISTURBANCE – Probably in year 7 of Jehoram’s reign in Judah, Homer’s 2^nd Cosmic Battle between the comet Venus and Mars occurred. Again there is no Biblical record of this event, but there is an Egyptian record which refers to an unidentified affliction that fell on Egypt during the reign of Akhnaton – an affliction that the priests regarded as punishment for an unacknowledged incidence of patricide. There are also Greek records by (a) Archilochus, who referred to Zeus turning mid-day into night, and (b) Seneca, whose chorus in the drama Thyestes, asks the sun “What has driven thee from thy heavenly course? …Has Typhon thrown off the mountainous mass and set his body free?”[3]

Undated (est. 3223 AM) – THE AZARIAH DISTURBANCE – Probably in year 24 of Azariah=Uzziah’s reign in Judah, Homer’s 3^rd Cosmic Battle between Venus and Mars occurred. It caused a titanic earthquake which devastated the Middle East, and which the Hebrews called the “Commotion in the Days of Uzziah.”

3282 AM – THE AHAZ  DISTURBANCE – In Ahaz’s regnal year 15/16, the day on which Ahaz died was shortened when the sun’s shadow on the sundial moved forward by ten degrees.

3297 AM –  THE 1^ST  HEZEKIAH DISTURBANCE – In Hezekiah’s regnal year 14, the day was lengthened when the sun’s shadow on the sundial moved backward by ten degrees, thereby correcting the previous displacement.

3312 AM – THE 2^ND HEZEKIAH DISTURBANCE – In Hezekiah’s regnal year 29, a thunderbolt from Mars destroyed the army of the Assyrian King Sennacherib.

© 2016 John Holbrook Jr.
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[1] AM stands for Anno Mundi, Latin for “Year of the World.”

[2] Originally, I assigned Terah’s Disturbance to 2070 BC. I forget all my reasons for doing so, but one was certainly the fact that Kenkenes (E03-01) had broken the Akkadian Dynasty’s hold on Egypt, which would have probably occurred early in his reign. In recent years, I have leaned toward 2020 BC, because there was a severe break at the end of Sharguni (AK-10)’s reign, which would have left the Akkadian Dynasty in a weakened state and thereby created an opportunity for Kenkenes to throw off the Mesopotamian yoke. Changing all my documents, however, is beyond my abilities at this point in my life.

[3] These quotes come from Immanuel Velikovsky’s Worlds in Collision, pp 216-217. Velikovsky believed that Atreus & Thyestes were contemporaries of Ahaz, and that the event to which Archilochus and Seneca referred was the Ahaz Disturbance. I disagree. According to my synchronization of the Greek generations, Atreus and Thyestes lived over a century and a half earlier than Ahaz. Also, Typhon was the name of a phenomenon that occurred during Venus Contact #1. Because the comet Venus emerged from the planet Jupiter (Zeus), Typhon was sometimes erroneously associated with Jupiter rather than Venus, but never with Mars.

by  John Holbrook Jr.
A Biblical View, Blog #031 posted February 6, 2017, edited March 9, 2021.

My chronological studies start with Bible chronology. What follows is the division of the chronology of the Bible into ages.[1]

The Bible story begins with CREATION WEEK – It lasted seven 24-hour days in 0 AM[2] – during the last day of which God rested. It was followed by

AGE 1 – THE EDENIC AGE (0-0 AM) = The Ancients’ Primordial Age – It began with the end of Creation, lasted probably less than a year, and ended with God’s Judgment on Eve, Satan, and Adam, and God’s Curse on Universe. It was followed by

AGE 2 – THE ANTEDILUVIAN AGE (0-1656 AM) = The Ancients’ Golden Age – It began with God’s Judgment and God’s Curse, lasted almost 1656 years, and ended with Noah’s Flood, when Noah was 600 years old. It was followed by

AGE 3 – THE POSTDILUVIAN AGE (1656-2513 AM) – It began with Noah’s Flood, lasted 857 years, and ended with the Exodus. It was divided into two major phases:

Phase 3A – The Postdiluvian Age’s Part 1 (1656-2107 AM) = The Ancients’ Silver Age – It began with Noah’s Flood, lasted 451 years, and ended with the Covenant and the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. It was divided into three minor periods, the first of which was

Period 3A(1) – The Initial Settlement & Migrations (1656-1756 AM) – It began with Noah’s Flood, lasted 100 years, and ended with the Division of the Land, when Peleg was in his mother’s womb. It was followed by

Period 3A(2) – The Rise of Babylon (1756–unknown date AM) – It began with the Division of the Land, lasted an unknown number of years, and ended with the Destruction of the Tower of Babel. It was followed by

Period 3A(3) – The Rise of Civilizations (Unknown date–2107 AM) – It began with the Destruction of the Tower of Babel, lasted an unknown number of years, and ended with the Destruction of Sodom & Gomorrah. It was divided into two sub-periods, the first of which was

Sub-period 3A(3)(a) – The Pre-Sojourn Period (Unknown date-2083 AM – It began with the Destruction of the Tower of Babel, lasted an unknown length of time, and ended with the Departure of Abraham from Haran. It was followed by

 Sub-period 3A(3)(b) – The Sojourn in Canaan’s Part 1 (2083-2107 AM) – It began with the Departure of Abraham from Haran, lasted 24 years, and ended with the Covenant and the Destruction Sodom & Gomorrah It was followed by

Phase 3B – The Postdiluvian Age’s Part 2 (2107-2513 AM) = The Ancients’ Bronze Age – It began with the Covenant and the Destruction Sodom & Gomorrah, lasted 406 years, and ended with the Exodus. It can be divided into two periods, the first of which was

Period 3B(1) – The Sojourn in Canaan’s Part 2 (2107-2298 AM) – It began with the Covenant and the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, lasted 191 years, and ended with the Descent into Egypt. It was followed by

Period 3B(2) – The Sojourn in Egypt (2298-2513 AM) – It began with the Descent into Egypt, lasted 215 years, and ended with the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt. It was followed by

AGE 4 – THE TABERNACLE AGE (2513-2993 AM) – It lasted 480 years. It can be divided into five phases, the first of which was

Phase 4A – The Wandering in the Wilderness (2513-2553 AM) – It began with the Exodus, lasted 40 years, and ended with the death of Moses and the Crossing of Jordan. It was followed by

Phase 4B – The Conquest & Settlement (2553-2578 AM) – It began with the Crossing of the Jordan, lasted 25 years, [3] and ended with the Death of Joshua. It was followed by

Phase 4C – The Rule of Elders & Israel’s Evil-doing (2578-2587 AM) – It began with the Death of Joshua, lasted 9 years, and ended with the start of the Cushanite and Mesopotamian Oppression. It was followed by

Phase 4D – The Rule of the Judges (2587-2947 AM) – It began with the start of the Cushanite and Mesapotamian Oppression, lasted 360 years, and ended with the Death of Samuel. It was followed by

Phase 4E – The United Kingdom – Part 1 (2947-2993 AM) – It began with the Death of Samuel, lasted 46 years, and ended with the start of the construction of the First Temple in Solomon 4. It was followed by

AGE 5 – THE FIRST TEMPLE AGE (2993-3422 AM) – It began with the start of the construction of the First Temple, lasted 429 years, and ended with the Destruction of Jerusalem. It can be divided into three phases, the first one of which was

Phase 5A – The United Kingdom – Part 2 (2993-3029 AM) – It began with the start of the construction of the First Temple, lasted 36 years, and ended with the Death of Solomon. It was followed by

Phase 5B – The Divided Kingdom (3029-3289 AM) – It began with the Death of Solomon, lasted 260 years, and ended with the Destruction of Samaria and the deportation of Israel to the central Asian steppes by the King of Assyria.[4] It was followed by

Phase 5C – The Single Kingdom (3289-3422 AM) – It began with the Destruction of Samaria, lasted 133 years, and ended with the Destruction of Jerusalem and the deportation of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. It was followed by

AGE 6 – THE EXILIC AGE (3422-3492 AM) – It began with the Destruction of Jerusalem, lasted 70 years, and ended with the Proclamation by Cyrus. It was followed by

AGE 7 – THE POSTEXILIC AGE (3492-3975 AM) – It began with the Proclamation of Cyrus, lasted 483 years, and ended with the Birth of Messiah. It was followed by

AGE 8 – MESSIANIC AGE (3975–Unknown date AM) – It began with the Messiah’s Birth, will last an unknown length of time, and will end with the Messiah’s Second Coming (the Parousia).

 Phase 8A – Messiah’s Life (3975–4009 AM) – It began with the Birth of Messiah, lasted 33.5 years, and ended with the Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Messiah. It can be divided into two phases, the first of which was

Phase 8A(1) – Messiah’s early years (3975-4005 AM) – It began with the Birth of Messiah, lasted 30 years, ended with Messiah’s 30^th It was followed by

Phase 8A(2) – Messiah’s Ministry (4005-4009 AM) – It began with Messiah’s 30^th Birthday, lasted 3.5 years, and ended with Messiah’s Death, Resurrection, and Ascension. It was followed by

Phase 8B – The Bride’s Childhood[5] (4009-4045 AM) – It began with Messiah’s Death, Resurrection, and Ascension, lasted 37 years,[6] and ended with the Destruction of the Herodian Temple and the cessation of animal sacrifices as atonement for sin, which in my opinion occurred after the close of the Biblical Canon.[7] It was followed by

Phase 8C – The Bride’s Betrothal & The Diaspora (2045-Unknown date AM) – It began with the Destruction of the Herodian Temple, will last an unknown length of time, and will end with Messiah’s 2nd Coming. During it, the Bride is being prepared for her wedding, the Marriage of the Lamb (Messiah). It will be followed by a new heaven and a new earth.

 © 2016 John Holbrook Jr.
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[1] With the exception of the Ancients’ world ages, I reserve the term “age” and its plural for Biblical time periods and the term “era” and its plural for historical time periods so that I avoid confusion between them.

[2] AM stands for Anno Mundi, Latin for “Year of the World.”

[3] Non-Biblical source: Josephus’s Antiquities, Book V, Chapter I, Paragraph 29. If 25 years for Joshua’s leading the Hebrews is not accepted, the gap between (a) counting the years forward from the Crossing of the Jordan and (b) counting the years up backward from year 300 of the Hebrews’ Occupancy of Heshbon expands to 34 years.

[4] In 691 BC, in Hezekiah’s regnal year 3 and Hoshea’s regnal year 6, the King of Assyria, whom the Bible identifies as Shalmanasser V (2 Kings 18:9), attacked Israel and besieged Samaria. Hoshea asked the pharaoh Shoshenk IV, who was known to the Hebrews as Pharaoh So, for help, but help was not forthcoming. Instead, Shoshenk IV sent tribute to the King of Assyria. In 688 BC, three years later in Hezekiah’s regnal year 6 and Hoshea’s regnal year 9, the King of Assyria invested and destroyed Samaria and removed the people of Israel to Assyria and points north. Thus the Divided Kingdom Period ended and the Single Kingdom Period commenced. In my opinion, the King of Assyria who finally invested and destroyed Samaria was Shalmnasser V’s younger brother, Sargon II. Shalmanasser V was a weak and vacillating king, whereas his brother Sargon was a strong and determined warrior.  I believe Sargon led the Assyrian army during the three years 691-688 BC, during which he laid siege to Samaria in 688 BC, (b) replaced his brother as king in 690 or 689 BC, and then destroyed Samaria and removed its inhabitants to Assyria in 688 BC. The author of 2 Kings identified Shalmannasser V as initiating the siege because he was still the king of Assyria at the time, but thereafter dropped his name from the story.

[5] The Body of Messiah, which consists of all men, women, and children whose names were written in the Book of Life by God-the-Father before the foundations of Universe were laid.

[6] The 37 years is derived from subtracting 33 AD, the year of Messiah’s death, resurrection, and ascension according to my chronology, from 70 AD, the year that the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple. This information is extra-Biblical.

[7] According to my chronology, the entire New Testament was completed by 66 AD. This information is extra-Biblical.